Water Fast Coaching and Nutritional Therapy

Dr. Tallis Barker | Extended Water Fasting Specialist | Registered Nutritional Therapist | Associate Naturopath

7-10 Day Water Fasts: What to Expect Day by Day

Expert Water fasting coaching with Dr Tallis Barker? D.Phil, Nat.Dip

ARTICLE CONTENTS:

  • Introduction
  • Two different perspectives: modern medicine and traditional health systems
  • Safety considerations before a 7-10 day water fast
  • At a glance: what happens during a 7-10 day water fast
  • Common myths about fasting
  • ‘Detox symptoms’ versus ‘adverse events’
  • What to expect during a 7-10 day water fast
    • Days 1-3
    • Days 4-6
    • Days 6-7
    • Days 8-10
  • What is a ‘healing crisis’ in fasting terminology?
    • My story
  • How to prepare for a 7-10 day water fast
  • Breaking a 7-10 day water fast: refeeding and safety
  • What about water fasts longer than 7-10 days?
  • FAQs

If you’re new to fasting, I’d always suggest nurturing a sustainable, long-term relationship with this extraordinary practice if possible. This may mean simply taking your time, working with shorter fasts which feel relatively manageable, and gradually building up the length of your fasts without putting undue pressure on yourself. If a 3-day water fast is a potential starting point for unlocking your body’s fasting metabolism through the activation of ketosis, then a 7-10 day fast is about going much deeper — and, for some people, it’s all they ever undertake in order to promote their long-term health.

About the author: Dr Tallis Barker, D.Phil., NT.Dip., Nat.Dip., is a naturopathic water fasting consultant and nutritional therapist who has worked with over 1,000 clients internationally. His work includes individual fasting consultations, nutritional therapy and published case reports. His D.Phil. is an academic doctorate, not a medical qualification. Full biography here.

What does going ‘deeper’ actually mean?

The answer to this question depends on who you ask. This is a critical consideration, because, depending on the given perspective, it directly influences the content of this article. Modern medical research tends to investigate specific physiological processes and measurable outcomes. In other words, it focuses on individual ‘trees’ in the forest. Traditional health systems, by contrast, often use broader concepts such as ‘detoxification’, ‘cleansing’ and ‘healing’ to describe the overall experience of fasting. That is, they describe the ‘forest’ and not the individual trees.

When it comes to describing what ‘deeper’ means on a 7-10 day fast, modern medical science is limited due to the minimal research conducted over longer fasting periods. Studies have indeed demonstrated, for instance, that downregulated mTORC1 pathways and upregulated AMPK are associated with fasting metabolism.[1][2] But the articles in question concern shorter fasts and animal studies, respectively. A recent review study confirmed the paucity of both reliable and useful information regarding extended fasts, concluding that researchers still cannot firmly establish when and in which human tissues prolonged fasting increases autophagic activity.[3] Applying the standards of medical research will always be complicated here, given the literally dozens if not hundreds of enzymes, hormones, and other biochemical messengers involved in the actual lived experience of fasting.

In contrast, most traditional health systems don’t even try to prove a specific physiological mechanism. Nor do they establish that particular symptoms are caused by the elimination of accumulated toxins, or demonstrate that the symptoms themselves are beneficial. Rather, they would describe ‘deeper’ through the lived experience itself — focusing on possible ‘detox symptoms’, ‘healing crises’ and qualitative rather than quantitative change — without being able or even attempting to trace any of it back to specific biochemical markers. It brings to mind the naturopathic idea that biology is not just a science, but also an art with an unquantifiable ‘X-factor’: something which the naturopath Dr. Herbert Shelton acknowledges in the title of his book The Science and Fine Arts of Fasting.[4]

Clearly, both modern medicine as well as more traditional health systems have their own advantages, and I believe it makes sense to remain open to both approaches.

In describing 7-10 water fasts, I shall therefore involve:

  • Quantitative findings of modern medical research
  • Qualitative interpretations of traditional health systems
  • Clinical observations from having worked with over 1000 clients through their fasts. These observations offer practical insight into the range of experiences people report, but they should not be confused with findings from controlled clinical studies.
  • Personal experiences from my own personal fasting practice over the last two decades

Medical information: This article is educational and does not constitute individual medical advice. Extended water fasting involves potentially serious health risks and is not a substitute for appropriate medical treatment.

Especially for those with long-standing health issues, fasts of a week or more do constitute a medically significant intervention; they are not simply a longer version of intermittent fasting. Situations and conditions which require medical assessment before such an extended fast include diabetes (especially T1), kidney or cardiovascular disease, pregnancy, breastfeeding, eating disorders, frailty, low body weight and the use of prescription medication.

It is also important to be familiar with symptoms which require urgent medical assessment during the fast itself, such as persistent vomiting, fainting, confusion, chest pain or palpitations. Although these symptoms are rare in the general population, they can and do occur. Occasionally, I myself have had to call off a client’s fast even within the first 24 hours, because of such symptoms.

OPTIMISE YOUR HEALTH WITH EXPERT WATER FAST COACHING

Join over 1,000 clients worldwide who have fasted with personalised guidance.

Over the years, I’ve observed that the actual clinical experience of a 7-10 day fast can vary widely. Although a 3-day fast can seem incredibly long the first couple of times you do it — and especially if there are a lot of mind games going on — there just isn’t enough time for a huge variation of biological processes to develop. Most importantly, over the first three days glycogen stores become depleted, autophagy begins to upregulate and ketosis gradually kicks into gear. For most people, this simply means that their energy drops and they may or may not experience symptoms such as headache and nausea.

Given that a 7-10 day fast is significantly longer than a 3-day fast, the more protracted element of time inherently allows for a greater number of permutations of the fasting experience. Especially if you’ve approached water fasting gradually, starting with short fasts (perhaps 36 hours) and then stuck with 3-day fasts until they feel both physically and psychologically smooth, then the psychological ‘weight’ of a full week’s fasting may not feel so daunting.

However, there is always a level of unpredictability when undertaking a 7-10 day fast. Some clients find they pass smoothly with no symptoms at all, while others experience powerful waves of headache, body/muscle aches and nausea (which may include vomiting). Even when someone is accustomed to shorter fasts, an initial 7-day fast can trigger an onslaught of symptoms while the second can pass smoothly — or vice versa.

For those with longstanding health issues, new or worsening symptoms during a 7–10 day fast are particularly important to take seriously. They may indicate that continuing would be inappropriate or unsafe — and should not be interpreted as evidence that a longer fast would necessarily provide a positive outcome.

One thing is for certain. There are myths circulating on the internet which simply contradict the experience of many people — and when someone has had expectations of an easy ride, a bumpy road can easily feel disillusioning.

In my experience, the most commonly perpetuated half-truths are:

  • Physical hunger* subsides by 3 days: yes, this may be a general tendency, but I’ve observed a much wider timescale among my own clients, varying from about 2 to 5 days. Even here there are additional factors which contribute to the actual timescale and the possibility of hunger persisting even later into a fast. (*Note: this refers to a physical, bodily sensation of hunger as opposed to a craving for food.)
  • Mental clarity: yes, some people do experience mental clarity even on their first fast, but this is far from a universal truth. Especially among clients with chronic health issues, I’ve often seen the exact opposite: ‘brain fog’. Low fasting energy levels can be enough in themselves to translate into reduced mental capacity for some people.
  • Working out: yes, some people may continue to enjoy going to the gym, but the vast majority of my clients find any form of exercise a burden. It’s true that the people I work with don’t represent an average cross-section of the entire population, given that a large cohort are fasting with illness of some kind. But even most of my healthy clients (including myself) find that too much exertion during a fast feels heavy and unnatural. Over the years, more vulnerable clients have even reported that working out while fasting subsequently worsens their symptoms of illness.

So what are we to make of all this? Personally, I think it’s fair enough that the people who do feel great while fasting want to tell the whole world about it. Wouldn’t you?… Rather, the takeaway here is that the countless videos which appear on YouTube may not accurately reflect general trends of the fasting experience.

Dr Barker regularly speaks at international conferences on water fasting. Below you’ll find his lecture for The Real Truth About Health conference, as well as a panel conversation with Dr. Alan Goldhamer – one of the most established names in the field.

One well-known study on water fasting records the prevalence of symptoms through extended fasts, the median length of which was 10 days. These symptoms include fatigue (48.2%), nausea (32.2%), insomnia (33.5%), headache (30.1%) and back pain (25.7%).[5] It is important to understand the terminology used to describe these symptoms, because it provides insight into the differing approaches of modern medicine and more traditional health systems.

In everyday fasting parlance, the most common term used to describe the nausea, headaches etc. experienced while fasting is ‘detox symptom’. This term derives from traditional health systems, most of which place implicit importance on the cleansing of accumulated toxins from the body. For instance, it forms a central tenet of naturopathy, which involves the routine use of clinical detoxification therapies to treat a range of medical conditions.[6] Ayurveda even has its own word — Ama — to describe the root of toxicity in the body.

In contrast, the study above completely avoids the use of ‘detox symptom’, choosing the term ‘adverse event’ instead. This is representative of modern medicine in general, which asserts that there is no way to prove that fasting symptoms occur as a result of detox and cleansing. Based purely on the scientific method, this is certainly true: there really is no way to make the leap from observing individual fasting markers and pathways (such as downregulated mTORC1 pathways and upregulated AMPK) to explaining systemic, body-wide sensations such as nausea. Simply, there are too many pathways and steps in the process to be able to draw a direct causal connection. To use the analogy offered in the Introduction, it is a problem of trying to see both the ‘trees’ and the ‘forest’ at the same time — and never the twain shall meet…[7]

Whatever term you choose — ‘detox symptom’ or ‘adverse event’ — there is no question that they can and do occur over 7-10 fasts, playing a major role in the overall lived experience of the fast. Based on over 15 years of personal fasting practice and having worked with over 1000 clients through their own fasts, I would describe the details of a 7-10 fast as follows:

Understandably, the first three days of a 7-10 day water fast generally follow the same process as that which takes place on a shorter 3-day water fast — and I would refer the reader to my article on this subject for more information. Above and beyond this, I would also add that practice does often make perfect, in the sense that many people who repeatedly practise fasting report an overall trend towards a smoother and easier transition in the opening days of a 7-10 day fast.

Physical aspects:
Perhaps most noticeably, the energy drop which typically appears in the first three days of a fast often becomes less pronounced with regular fasting. Energy levels during this period broadly correlate with the development of ketone levels, as confirmed by my clients who choose to measure daily blood ketones. Specifically, once ketones first appear in the fast (typically on Day 2), experienced clients tend to report a faster rise in their ketone levels than those who are fasting for the first time.

Although the repeated practice of shorter fasts may generally lead to a smoother transition at the beginning of the fast, the opposite is also true — and I’ve also worked with numerous experienced clients who sometimes encounter a sudden, unexpected burst of severe nausea and/or vomiting, especially on Days 2 and 3 of their fast. Naturopathic philosophy would explain this as a ‘detox symptom’ presenting through an initial wave of cleansing, triggered by the powerful onset of fasting metabolism. Of course, this theory cannot be proven or disproven by studying individual markers. On a practical level, expert guidance can help when such nausea does present: both in managing the symptoms as well as in diagnosing whether it is simply a natural part of the process or whether it is a red flag to stop the fast.

Emotional/Psychological aspects:
On a psychological level, the opening days of a 7-10 fast can certainly offer challenges, especially in breaking out of the habits of everyday life. Many of my clients are reminded how food plays an almost ever-present role in modern life: in the house, at work, on the street, and on the screen in shows and commercials. In other words, not eating can provide a relentless reminder of eating.

In this sense, the emotional element of hunger is often compounded by the physical element of hunger. It does take a certain number of missed meals before the digestive system begins to accept that the physical ‘habit’ of regular mealtimes has been put on hold through the fast, allowing digestive juices and physical hunger to subside. In the meantime, a rumbling stomach can easily trigger emotional cravings for food.

ONLINE COURSE

Complete a 3-day water fast

This video + pdf bundle provides you with all you need to know in order to safely, successfully and smoothly carry out your first 3-day water fast. If you already have a little experience, there are plenty of additional tips to help you go deeper into water fasting.

Based on measurements of numerous clients who record their blood ketones, the body usually needs 4-6 days for ketone levels to reach their peak. Although there are individual differences, most of them reach approximately 5-6 mmol/l around Day 5 (+/- 1 day). From this point, their ketone levels tend to remain relatively stable for the duration of the fast. This data broadly agrees with the only comparable large-scale study to date, which focused on patients following a low-calorie Buchinger protocol (75-250 kcal/day).[8] Unsurprisingly, the average ketone levels in the study were slightly lower (4 mmol/L) and peak ketosis took longer to achieve than those recorded by my water-fasting clients, given that the caloric intake of the Buchinger protocol in itself provides a source of energy.

I believe that the stabilisation of ketosis during this timeframe has implications for both physical as well as emotional/psychological aspects of the fast (as described below).

Physical aspects:
Days 4-6 often coincides with additional new symptoms, including:

  • foul-smelling breath
  • foul body odour, especially the armpits
  • foul taste in the mouth
  • foul-smelling urine

Naturopathic philosophy would attribute these ‘detox symptoms’ to increased elimination of toxicity through the so-called organs of detoxification, specifically the lungs, the skin, the epithelial tissue of the GI tract and the kidneys, respectively. I personally suspect that the timing here may also be related to having reached peak ketosis, which provides peak energy for fasting metabolism.

On a personal note, I myself became a convert to water fasting on Day 4 or 5 of my first 7-day water fast, when my tongue began to produce a foul metallic-tasting foam. It literally tasted like poison. As shocking as it was to experience my own body producing such horrors, it was also strangely inspirational!

Emotional/Psychological aspects:
If the emotional/psychological experience of Days 1-3 tends to be dominated by the withdrawal of everyday habits, Days 4-6 often involve a kind of stabilisation. Many of my clients report a sense of inner peace opening up at around this time, especially if they don’t have to work through their fast. Even among my clients who do work through their fasts, I hear stories of difficult situations with coworkers which were resolved more amicably than might have occurred in everyday life. In short, clients are often surprised by their own inner calm and ability to hold their centre in a stressful situation. Personally, I find it interesting to consider the fact that this kind of ‘inner stabilisation’ also correlates to the timeframe when the body reaches ‘metabolic stabilisation’ in terms of steady ketone levels.

Of course, this is far from a universal experience, and especially those who suffer from emotional cravings can find precisely the opposite: that their patience is wearing thin due to the stress of giving up food. Equally, boredom can become a growing issue for some people at this point: boredom of low energy levels, boredom due to the sensory deprivation of food, boredom of a foul-tasting mouth. As hard as it can be, I would also argue that — under the right circumstances — boredom is the best teacher, and that this is actually an opportunity for personal growth, especially with the right mindset.

Although no studies have explored possible metabolic changes taking place specifically through Days 6-7 of a fast, a clinical shift does often take place: one I regularly observe in both clients as well as myself when I’m fasting.

Physical aspects:
Symptomatically, this period may trigger what is known as a ‘healing crisis’ (discussed below in its own section).

Emotional/psychological aspects:
The human experience of time is, of course, a highly subjective phenomenon. In this sense, the transition from days to a full week can elicit feelings of heaviness, anxiety and/or resistance. In short, a full week can feel unduly long compared to a ‘mere’ 7 days. Understanding the mental hurdles involved when fasting — and knowing how to navigate them — becomes increasingly important from this point onwards.

In my experience, if you choose to move beyond 7 days, into a second week of fasting, Days 8-10 often do correlate with new experiences and challenges. These may involve both objective physical symptoms as well as subjective emotional/psychological feelings.

Physical aspects:
Many clients report a shift in their symptomatology. On the one hand, fasting symptoms which had predominated through the first week of fasting may resolve, leading to a smoother experience. On the other hand, the beginning of the second week can also elicit entirely new symptoms. For some clients, it can be confusing to understand the signals their body is giving them.

Most importantly, it becomes increasingly important from this point onwards to recognise that the likelihood of fasting-related risks and safety issues does increase. In short, the longer you fast, the more likely it is that complications may occur, especially if you suffer from longstanding health issues or take prescription meds. These risks are covered in greater depth in my article on extended fasts of 14, 21, 28-30 and 40 days.

Emotional/psychological aspects:
Just as, on a physical level, passing into the second week can involve both a resolution as well as the development of new symptoms, so the same applies to the ‘mind game’ of a fast. For some people, it can feel like a relief to have broken through the ‘barrier’ of a week. For others, it can feel like an additional burden to have entered a second week — in which case, emotional cravings can also intensify in parallel. There is clearly no single pathway, and this is where the old saying ‘know thyself’ comes increasingly into play.

Time and again I witness that, with the right mindset, fasting does help you to ‘know thyself’ on a deeper level — and, in this sense, offers a huge potential for personal development. At the very least, the physical and emotional/psychological experience of a 7-10 day water fast feels so far removed from the experience of everyday life, that it inherently provides new perspectives on and insights into life.

If modern medicine has a problem with the term ‘detox symptom’, then ‘healing crisis’ causes perhaps even more controversy. In terms of modern medicine, there is no way to identify a causal relationship between the symptoms of this phenomenon with actual healing. On a deeper level, modern medicine tends to avoid the word ‘healing’ altogether with regard to chronic health concerns, applying terms like ‘symptom management’ instead.

Nevertheless, the concept of a ‘healing crisis’ has existed for thousands of years in traditional health systems, from Ayurveda and Chinese medicine to naturopathy[9] and homeopathy.[10] Because of such a lengthy history behind it, I believe it is worth examining the concept of a healing crisis in greater depth.

Based on my own clinical observations, I would define a ‘healing crisis’ as:

The temporary return of old (latent) symptoms or the temporary intensification of current symptoms of a specific illness which may occur as part of the healing process during a water fast. After the given fast, this healing may be experienced as a reduction or full resolution of prior symptoms of illness.

To clarify, my definition of a healing crisis refers exclusively to an intensification of those symptoms of a specific illness which had previously presented prior to the fast, as opposed to an intensification of general fasting symptoms during the fast. (In contrast, some other definitions of healing crisis refer to any intensification of symptoms during a cleansing protocol.)

To be absolutely clear, this is also not to imply that the intensification of old or current symptoms necessarily indicates a healing crisis. Far from it. The opposite can also be true, and under certain circumstances the intensification of symptoms can in fact indicate an adverse response to fasting, an electrolyte disturbance or another medical problem which means that the fast must be broken for safety reasons.

Perhaps the best way to describe a healing crisis is to explain what happened to me on Day 7 of my first 7-day water fast. Prior to my first fast, I used to suffer from chronic sinusitis every winter, to the extent that I often spent much of the day in pain and unable to function normally. At the time, I was also unaware of the full potential benefits of fasting — and so, more than anything, I stumbled into the fast, treating it simply as a challenge to overcome.

Of course, without any real understanding about fasting, I ‘suffered’ greatly throughout my fast with low energy levels and a lot of psychological resistance. But then, something unexpected happened… On Day 7, the area around my sinuses started to ache: not the sharp stabbing pain I was accustomed to during a full flare-up, but rather a dull ache which I couldn’t even really describe as ‘pain’. Furthermore, it was strange. My sinusitis always flared up in winter, but my fast took place in late spring, when the warmer weather prevented the biting cold from triggering it.

I was certainly concerned that this could be the beginning of a flare-up. However, I was much more focused on the fact that I’d be breaking my fast within hours, and thus ending what seemed like seven interminable days of misery. (I do enjoy fasting nowadays!) The ache around my sinuses persisted through the rest of my final day. Within hours of my first meal, however, the ache began to recede until fully disappearing the next morning. I almost forgot about the whole incident, until I read about healing crises a few months later — at which point I realised that, by breaking the fast in the middle of the healing crisis, I might have prevented it from reaching completion. And so, I undertook a second 7-day fast to finish the job. Sure enough, a similar ache in my sinuses returned on Day 2, lasted another 24 hours or so, and then fully receded on its own.

Since then, I’ve never suffered from any sinus issue whatsoever.

It’s important to note that not every long-term resolution of a health issue is accompanied by a dramatic healing crisis. Some clients find that their symptoms of illness begin to disappear during the fast, never to return afterwards. In other situations, other clients find that their symptoms may begin to improve only after the fast, through the refeeding process. This is one reason why it’s so important to follow an appropriate refeeding protocol. In cases like this — where there is a lack of clear fasting symptoms to provide guidance — it can be difficult to know when to end the fast, especially when fasting alone. On the one hand, you don’t want to end prematurely, denying yourself the full potential health benefits. On the other hand, you certainly don’t want to push too hard, extending the fast for too long and incurring greater risks as a result.

Given that fasting reduces the need for digestion — with gastrointestinal activity largely entering a state of ‘hibernation’ as a result — it’s extremely important to consider how and what you eat in the transition period both before and after any fast longer than three days. On a practical level, dietary preparation means gradually lightening up your diet in the days before a 7-10 day fast. This means different things to different people, depending on their specific diet. However, one common element ideally involves an increased intake of vegetables and/or fruit. Where this is contraindicated because of food sensitivities, gut issues (eg. SIBO) or metabolic issues (eg. Type 2 diabetes), it’s extremely important to find an alternative, personalised strategy.

There are several benefits of focussing on vegetables and fruit before a 7-10 day fast. First, they require less energy to digest than proteins,[11] for instance. This allows your body to wind down digestion more quickly at the beginning of the fast, switching more seamlessly into its fasting metabolism. Second, vegetables and fruit contain plenty of fibre to support transit and elimination, thereby helping to clear out digestive remnants before peristalsis (motility) largely ceases during the fast. Third, vegetables and fruit are so-called ‘alkaline-forming’ foods. According to naturopathic theory (but unconfirmed by medical research), alkaline-forming foods can help to counterbalance the mild metabolic acidosis which studies have shown to occur most significantly during the first two weeks of a water fast.[12]

In essence, a refeeding strategy should look like the mirror image of what happens during the dietary preparation before the fast. This means starting with small, light meals focussing mostly on vegetables and/or fruit, and then gradually progressing towards heavier foods. For most people, little or no physical hunger remains at the end of a 7-10 day fast, precisely because of the reduction of gastrointestinal activity during the fast. Along with the natural contraction of the stomach during a 7-10 fast, most people find that small portions provide physical satiety. In short, a slow, gradual refeeding process should feel completely satisfying — at least on a purely physical level.

Most importantly, a slow, gradual refeeding process should also support electrolyte stability and fluid balance, thus reducing the possibility of refeeding syndrome: a potentially dangerous and even life-threatening complication which becomes an increasing risk on longer fasts (described in greater depth in my article on 14, 21, 28-30 and 40 day water fasts). The UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) identifies people who have eaten little or nothing for more than five days as being at potential risk of developing refeeding syndrome.[13] So the bottom line is that refeeding after a 7-10 day fast must take place carefully in order to reduce the risk of possible safety issues.

In an ideal world, the pace of refeeding naturally follows the gradual revival of the digestive system in the days following a 7-10 day fast. However, the reality for the vast majority of people is that they are less in tune with their body at the end of their fast, and more at the mercy of their emotional cravings for food and a driving desire to eat. In other words, we return to the fact that a 7-10 day water fast is driven by both physical as well as emotional/psychological elements –- and that often it is the mind game which prevails. In order to help rein in any tendency towards binge-eating and any possibility of refeeding syndrome, an individualised protocol is always advisable.

I remember the exuberance of celebrating the end of my own first 7-day water fast. I had no idea what I was doing! A simple salad quickly become a slice of pizza – which then turned into eating the whole pizza!!! It weighed like an anchor in my stomach for literally days afterwards… And needless to say, I learned my lesson.

How to break a water fast?

If you return too quickly to a normal diet, you risk encountering both digestive problems as well as ‘refeeding syndrome’. This is a potentially fatal complication caused by the change from ketosis back to your everyday metabolism. If you have any doubts, I offer a downloadable 86-page PDF which covers refeeding for any length of fast.

Over the long term, many of my clients choose to promote their health with 7-10 day fasts, without any need to contemplate longer 14, 21, 28-30 or 40 fasts. These longer fasts are certainly not something which should be undertaken routinely, or as part of a regular fasting protocol. Rather, their main potential lies in addressing deeper, more exceptional needs, whether in the form of physical health concerns or a spiritual journey.

Many people ask me how often they should undertake a 7-10 day fast. Of course, there isn’t any single, pre-packaged answer, and no evidence-based research has established an optimum frequency. For maintaining good health, I personally find myself drawn to this length of fast perhaps once or twice a year, and many of my clients likewise resonate with this approximate timeframe. However, I would argue that, more important than any particular frequency, is to tune into both body and mind beforehand, feel where the motivation to fast is coming from, and ensure that both body and mind are on board for the journey which lies ahead.

During a 7–10 day water fast, the body undergoes a series of metabolic changes as it adapts to the absence of food. Glycogen stores decline, ketone production increases and the body increasingly relies on stored energy. People may also experience changes in energy, sleep, digestion, mood and physical symptoms. The timing and intensity of these changes vary considerably between individuals.

Many people find that hunger becomes less noticeable after the first few days. However, it varies from person to person and may fluctuate throughout a fast. The reduction of hunger does not necessarily mean that the body has adapted safely or that it is appropriate to continue fasting.

Reported symptoms include fatigue, headaches, nausea, insomnia, dizziness and changes in energy levels. Some people also notice changes in their breath, body odour or taste. New, severe or worsening symptoms may indicate a complication and should be assessed appropriately..

‘Healing crisis’ is a term used in some traditional health systems to describe a temporary return or intensification of symptoms during a period of healing. However, worsening symptoms may also indicate dehydration, electrolyte disturbances or another medical problem. It is important not to assume that symptoms must necessarily be endured or pushed through.

Preparation and refeeding both deserve careful consideration. A light, balanced diet before fasting may help establish a sensible starting point, but it does not remove the potential risks of an extended fast. After 7–10 days without food, reintroducing nutrition requires care because of the possibility of refeeding complications. The appropriate approach depends on factors such as nutritional status, health history and weight changes, and medical guidance may be necessary..

Please feel free to share your thoughts or questions in comments section below!

If you enjoyed this article, please share on social media, using one of the buttons below:


[1] Wolska W, Gutowska I, Wszołek A, Żwierełło W. The Role of Intermittent Fasting in the Activation of Autophagy Processes in the Context of Cancer Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 May 15;26(10):4742. doi: 10.3390/ijms26104742. PMID: 40429883; PMCID: PMC12112746

[2] D. Lee , B. Martinez , D. E. Crocker , R. M. Ortiz . Fasting increases the phosphorylation of AMPK and expression of sirtuin1 in muscle of adult male northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Physiol Rep, 5 (4), 2017, e13114, doi: 10.14814/phy2.13114

[3] Singh S, Sargeant TJ. Increasing autophagy with fasting and diet: separating fact from fiction. Biochem Soc Trans. 2026 Oct 28;54(10):1497-1511. doi: 10.1042/BST20260632. PMID: 42865256; PMCID: PMC13673093

[4] Shelton H. The Science and Fine Arts of Fasting. 1934, 1950, 1963. Republished by Martino Publishing 2013. ISBN 978-1-61427-448-3

[5] Finnell, J.S., Saul, B.C., Goldhamer, A.C. et al. Is fasting safe? A chart review of adverse events during medically supervised, water-only fasting. BMC Complement Altern Med 18, 67 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2136-6

[6] Allen J, Montalto M, Lovejoy J, Weber W. Detoxification in naturopathic medicine: a survey. J Altern Complement Med. 2011 Dec;17(12):1175-80. doi: 10.1089/acm.2010.0572. Epub 2011 Nov 21. PMID: 22103982; PMCID: PMC3239317

[7] Kipling, Rudyard. The Ballad of East and West. The Pioneer. 1889 Dec.

[8] Grundler F, Mesnage R, Ruppert PMM, Kouretas D, Wilhelmi de Toledo F. Long-Term Fasting-Induced Ketosis in 1610 Subjects: Metabolic Regulation and Safety. Nutrients. 2024 Jun 13;16(12):1849. doi: 10.3390/nu16121849. PMID: 38931204; PMCID: PMC11206495

[9] Derin, C. The Healing Crisis. Naturopathic Doctor News and Review. 2007 May. https://ndnr.com/the-healing-crisis/

[10] Little, D. Crisis in Classical and Contemporary Thought. Homeopathy Papers. 2007 June. https://hpathy.com/homeopathy-papers/crisis-classical-contemporary-thought/

[11] Want to Manage Weight? Pack in the Protein. University Hospitals, Cleveland. 2025, May. https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2025/05/want-to-manage-weight-pack-in-the-protein

[12] Rapoport A, From G, Husdan H. Metabolic studies in prolonged fasting. Metabolism – Clinical and Experimental. 1965 14, 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(65)90079-X

[13] Nutritional Support for Adults: Oral Nutrition Support, Enteral Tube Feeding and Parenteral Nutrition. NICE Clincical Guidance. 2017, Aug. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg32/chapter/Recommendations


Related articles:

292 responses to “7-10 Day Water Fasts: What to Expect Day by Day”

  1. Hi Tallis.
    Thanks for this site.
    I have a concern. I’m on my 6th day of water fasting and I’m experiencing more and more acid reflux. It’s makes it hard to drink water since it seems it gets worse if I drink too much.
    Should I break the fast? I was aiming for 10-15 days but I’m not happy about the acid reflux that gets worse. I feel fine in the morning when I’ve slept and haven’t had a lot of water.
    Any insights on this issue?
    Thank you.
    Louise

    1. Hi Louise,
      Thanks for sharing. Acid reflux is nasty, and can certainly happen during a water fast, even to clients who don’t get it in everyday life. The timing you mention also matches the experience of most clients, with reflux peaking in the second half of the first week. In most cases, the problem is caused simply by drinking too much.

      Many people believe they should be drinking at least 3-4 litres/quarts a day. If you eat a dehydrating diet this may be the case. For a diet high in fruits and vegetables, your separate fluid needs may be much lower. In any case, your natural fluid intake may change on a water fast, and a much more reliable indicator of how much to drink is usually your thirst. For most people this ranges between 1.5 to 3 litres a day – but everyone is individual and the numbers I’ve just mentioned should not provide a template. The worst thing you could do is end up drinking too little and end up dehydrating on your fast.

      Try tuning into your true thirst and let me know how you get on. For now, there’s no reason to think about stopping your fast.
      Until then, all the best,
      Tallis

      1. Thank you so much for your reply.
        I did start drinking less water today and have had no signs of acid reflux so you are absolutely right! I was drinking way to much water.
        Since this is my first fast ever -I’m 41 and have had a lot of antibiotics over the years – I do experience a lot of”stuff” coming out. My tounge is milky white, brushing it helps very little. My 3rd day was like a day in hell. Ha ha ha. And I do also have the feeling of wanting to fill myself with water.
        Now I know I don’t have to worry about my water intake. I really appreciate you’re insights. It’s very helpful. I’ll truck on 🙂
        Namaste

        1. Yes, Louise, keep truckin’ on 🙂
          Glad you survived Day 3! Given that this is your first water fast and given your past with prescription drugs, it may well continue to be a relatively rocky road for a while, possibly both for the rest of this fast as well as for the next few fasts. But it sounds like you have a lot of resolve to keep going, so good for you!
          Like they say, practice makes perfect, so if you continue to water fast in the future, the likelihood is that things will get easier, smoother and ultimately even enjoyable!
          Tallis

        2. Here are some lessons I’ve compiled on fasting.

          From the Bible. = “I fast twice in the week,”
          Luke 18:12
          Pharisees Fasted two consecutive 24 hour days on Monday & Thursday

          It sounds simple in theory, of course: Refrain from eating anything (or drinking any beverages other than water) for 24 hours. Your body has plenty of calories stored to carry you through those 24 hours, and the pause from digestion will give your body a chance to focus its healing energies on other parts of your body. The majority of the immune system is in the gut.

          Why fasting?
          Fasting has been used from Biblical times through the modern world to help purify and heal the body. It can help detox your liver, kidneys and digestive tract. It also encourages you to rethink your eating habits.

          Give your digestive system a break and encouraged more rapid healing throughout your body. You may notice some detox effects (like bad breath) or a difference in your energy levels. This is all a normal part of the fasting process, and it indicates your fasting is working!

          Fasting is not an escape from the problem, but an attempt to enlist the help of your God created body in solving the problem.

          Breakthrough.

          “I proclaimed a fast there beside the Ahava Canal, a fast to humble ourselves before our God and pray for wise guidance for our journey—all our people and possessions. I was embarrassed to ask the king for a cavalry bodyguard to protect us from bandits on the road. We had just told the king, “Our God lovingly looks after all those who seek him, but turns away in disgust from those who leave him.” So we fasted and prayed about these concerns. And he listened.”
          ‭Ezra 8:21-23 ‬

          “Then GOD assigned a huge fish to swallow Jonah. Jonah was in the fish’s belly three days and nights.” Jonah 1:17

          Jonah Fasted 3 Days & Nights.

          “Then Jonah prayed to his God from the belly of the fish.” Jonah 2:1

          “Then GOD spoke to the fish, and it vomited up Jonah on the seashore.” Jonah 2:10

          Jonah Fasted & Prayed Than Jonah Received Breakthrough.

          The people of Nineveh listened, and trusted God. They proclaimed a citywide fast and dressed in burlap to show their repentance. Everyone did it—rich and poor, famous and obscure, leaders and followers. When the message reached the king of Nineveh, he got up off his throne, threw down his royal robes, dressed in burlap, and sat down in the dirt. Then he issued a public proclamation throughout Nineveh, authorized by him and his leaders: “Not one drop of water, not one bite of food for man, woman, or animal, including your herds and flocks! Dress them all, both people and animals, in burlap, and send up a cry for help to God. Everyone must turn around, turn back from an evil life and the violent ways that stain their hands. Who knows? Maybe God will turn around and change his mind about us, quit being angry with us and let us live!”
          God saw what they had done, that they had turned away from their evil lives. He did change his mind about them. What he said he would do to them he didn’t do.” Jonah 3:1-10
          All The People Of Nineveh Fasted & Prayed & Received Breakthrough.

          “Moreover when you fast, do not be as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance: for they disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward.”
          Matthew 6:16 Jesus Said “When You Fast”. Not ‘If’ You Fast.

          Concerning Saul. “And he was three days without sight, and neither did eat nor drink. Acts 9:9

          Jesus said of Saul. “Saul, of Tarsus is praying,” Acts 9:11
          Saul Fasted & Prayed Than Received Breakthrough.

          “There was a man named Cornelius who lived in Caesarea, captain of the Italian Guard stationed there. He was a thoroughly good man. He had led everyone in his house to live worshipfully before God, was always helping people in need, and had the habit of prayer. One day about three o’clock in the afternoon he had a vision. An angel of God, as real as his next-door neighbor, came in and said, “Cornelius.” Acts 10:2

          Cornelius said, “Four days ago at about this time, midafternoon, I was home praying and fasting. Suddenly there was a man right in front of me, flooding the room with light. He said, ‘Cornelius, your daily prayers and neighborly acts have brought you to God’s attention. I want you to send to Joppa to get Simon, the one they call Peter. He’s staying with Simon the Tanner down by the sea.’” Acts 10:30

          Cornelius (an Italian) Fasted & Prayed Than Received Breakthrough.

          “One day as they were worshiping God—they were also fasting as they waited for guidance—the Holy Spirit spoke: “Take Barnabas and Saul and commission them for the work I have called them to do.” Acts 13:2
          The Church In Antioch Fasted & Prayed Than Received Breakthrough.

          “Paul and Barnabas handpicked leaders in each church. After praying—their prayers intensified by fasting.” Acts 14:23
          Paul & Barnabas Fasted & Prayed.

          A lesson in the American culture name scheme called breakfast lunch dinner.

          The word ‘Dinner’ used to refer to breakfast. The word “dinner” comes from the Old French word “disnar”, which in fact means “breakfast”.

          So how did this word that meant breakfast end up being pushed back in the day to describe the meal latest in the day?

          Traditionally dinner (meaning ‘breakfast’) was the first meal of the day, eaten around noon. It also happened to be the biggest meal of the day at around 12pm, with a lighter meal coming later known as supper. Eventually, more meals started being added to the day with people eating meals before the large noon meal of dinner. Rather than calling these earlier meals that broke the fast by the word that means breakfast (dinner), the name “dinner” now stuck as meaning the largest meal of the day.

          As time has passed, in most cultures that use these words to describe their meals, the largest meal of the day gradually got moved later and later in the day until its meal time was around the time we used to have supper (which used to be a light meal). So gradually this meal that bears the name (translated) “breakfast” is now the meal we eat before we start the fast and the literal translation of “dinner” is now the word we used to describe our early morning meal of breakfast. In most cultures where this shift has happened, “supper” is now considered to be the proper name for a midnight snack.

          It should be noted that there are still many cultures that use these words to describe their meals that don’t go by the “Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner” name scheme; rather, they now go with “Breakfast, Dinner, Supper”, choosing to refer to lunch as “Dinner”. In which case the meal bearing the name “Dinner” didn’t move at all. Just one extra meal got added earlier in the day.

          1. Abel – thank you for an absolute awesome teaching that I will save immediately and ponder upon daily!

            1. Thank you and I pray you reach all your health goals. 😊

  2. Hi Tallis,

    Thank you for such a great post and for your informative replies to everyone’s comments!
    I’m currently on a calorie-restricted diet (around 400 net, but eating 1000 due to a 600 calorie burn through cardio). What would you advise re: working out while on a long fast like this? I generally go for a walk in the evenings too and burn another 250 calories, and which is much less intense than my daily HIIT workouts at the gym. Would you suggest light cardio like a walk? I worry that any more would exhaust me.

    Thank you!

    1. Hi,
      Thanks for writing. I’ve responded in greater detail to exactly this question in comments elsewhere on the site. The short answer is: so long as you don’t reach the point of feeling out of breath or that your heart is racing, walking is fine. In fact it’s usually extremely healthy. Just make sure you don’t push yourself beyond your limits. While fasting*, you’re going to get out of breath much sooner than usual, so don’t force yourself to walk at a pace which you ‘think’ you should be able to manage. Follow your heartbeat and breath, and make it comfortable and sustainable. Otherwise you run the risk of needlessly burning up a lot of extra muscle.

      *In your email, you use the word ‘fasting’ after also mentioning a calorie-restricted ‘diet’. I’m assuming here that by fasting, you really do mean fasting: that you now on zero calories and in ketosis.

      Hope this helps,
      Tallis

  3. Please just let us know if you stop the fast for a day would you go trough the same hard first 3 days again. Im feeling great and im so sad i might have to break my first long fast

    1. Sorry not to have written before now – I’m afraid over the last few days I’ve had to put business before the charity work on this website. Also, though, part of me wanted to avoid answering your question, because I don’t believe this is the right question to be asking. Apropos, I hope you were able to read my post “Telling friends and family about your fast (or not)” before you went to the birthday party and faced that sliced of cake…

      Otherwise, there’s no clear answer to your question anyway, about whether breaking the fast for a day would cause the same roughness when you continued fasting afterwards. It may depend on how much you eat over what period of time, as well as how easily you jump into ketosis. Most likely, it wouldn’t be as rough, but exactly how much less depends on the factors I mentioned above.

      Hope you found the answer yourself which was truest to you,
      Tallis

  4. So im going though the biggest dillema. Im on my 6th day fast and i was planning on doing it for 20 days.
    I have been doing great even though the first 3 days were quite hard.
    Its my friends birthday on sunday, and they expect me to have dinner and a couple drinks. My friend wasn’t planning on celebrating it this weekend but she changed her mind. I cant tell anyone im fasting because they are just gonna call me crazy. What do i do? I was honestly thinking about missing it just because I finally feel great doing a fast. But i cant do this to her. Im wondering if i have a small dinner and a couple drinks on sunday and i start again my fast on monday, will i have to go trough those hard first 3 days again? Like, does everything start from 0? Will i have all the lethargy and brain fog again for 3 days? Those were the longest days of my life. Im finally feeling great, no cravings, mental clarity and heaps of energy. Im so upset that i might have to start everything again. 🙁

    1. Thanks for sharing, Ruby.
      If only there were a simple magical solution to your dilemma…
      Whether or not to tell friends and family about fasting has come up a few times recently on waterfasting.org, and I think it deserves some extra attention, precisely because it does affect so many people.
      I’m going to start posting weekly on the website, and this will be the subject of the first post on Saturday – if you don’t mind waiting until then 😊. You’ll be able to find it listed at the bottom of each page.
      Until then, glad to hear all is going well, and please don’t let thoughts of what to do on Sunday spoil your time in the here and now.
      Tallis

  5. Hello

    Should I be concerned about eating “junk” right before a long water fast? As in, will it rot inside of me for the entire duration? How could one prepare and how long? Would 2-3 days of clean eating and senna/laxative tea be an okay start? I’m really obsessed and worried about feeling discouraged or having food I’m allergic to inside of me, trapped. Apologies if I sound silly!

    Thank you

    1. Hi Em,
      Good question. You don’t sound silly at all 🙂
      The answer is yes, you should be concerned!!!
      It’s not like it’s going to kill you if you eat badly beforehand, and it’s unlikely you’ll end up with an allergic reaction, but you’ll definitely feel better if you eat well beforehand.

      This is an important topic, and come to think of it, I’ve not yet written about it on waterfasting.org, so I’ll post on it in the coming weeks.
      Suffice it to say that the preparation time in your diet before the fast largely depends on what/how you eat now. As a vegan who eats plenty of raw, I can pretty much jump into any fast with absolutely no dietary preparation, but I also recognise that other most people eat differently.

      Very briefly for now, I’d emphasize giving yourself about 3 days of eating light, and totally avoiding meat as well as cutting back on dairy and grains as much as possible. I’ll post a much more detailed version soon.

      Hope this helps for now,
      Tallis

  6. I had some chicken broth yesterday to be able to get trough my day. It worked great.
    Im on day 4 now and i feel great. Im finally able to understand what is the mental clarity people talk about while on fast. Its real. My mind feels so clear today its hard to explain. I have been so productive.
    Physically im still not great, but hopefully it will improve. My cravings have subsided.
    Just would like to let people know to stick with it! It will all pass! I was having the worst day yesterday but today im a new person.
    I had been having kidney problems anf i heard that fasting can put even more pressure on the kidney because off all the toxins its passing. Is there any chance that my kidneys could get even weaker because im doing a fast?

    1. Glad you’re feeling great.
      Make no mistake about the chicken broth though. Either:
      1) The less likely option: It made you feel great because it loaded you with so many calories that it restarted your carbohydrate-based metabolism – in which case this ISN’T a water fast!
      2) The more likely option: There were minimal calories in there, which meant that there’s minimal physical reason it made you feel better!!! Simply, it may have given you an emotional crutch – a kind of non-calorific “comfort food”, which effected your physical perception of the fast. This happens a lot! Also, you were probably already moving out of the toughest phase of your fast anyway
      In other words, in scientific terms, the chicken broth didn’t help you in the slightest!
      If you need “comfort” from something warm during a fast, I’d recommend hot herbal teas instead. Any nutritional content from the broth – be it calories, vitamins and minerals or anything else – is only going to interfere with the biology of your fast.

  7. 78 hours fast so far 🙂 its been my longest fast .. i found that keeping my mind busy really helps going through the first days .. just wish my body wasnt so tired ..
    just measured my blood ketones and they are on 3,9mmol/l .. its exciting seen those numbers going up .. do you know what is the maximum of blood ketones we could have in our blood? Is there any dangerous number that it could get to?

    is it true that scars on the skin desapear on prolonged fasts? What about stretching marks?

    Thank you so much ! I feel like talking to you is giving me energy to keep going 🙂 hope one day i could have as much knowledge as you and hope i can be as positive as you are ! 🙂

    1. Yes, it’s encouraging to see those ketone numbers going up. Your numbers may well rise a little further, until they reach the average fasting range of 5-6 mmol/l, based on the data I’ve collected from clients who regularly measure their ketones.

      Yes, working with a fasting guide to coach you through your experience DOES give you energy and generally makes the whole process smoother. That’s why I offer personal consultations on this website, so that clients and I can stay in closer, sometimes almost round-the-clock contact!

  8. Hi tallis, i havent been able to get a good sleep since i started the fast. Its 3:30am here now and i woke up after a 3 hours sleep. I dont know what could help my sleep as i already have no energy all day.
    My last blood ketones results were 2.3mmol/l .. did i stop burning muscle and am i burning fat now?
    Thank you

    1. Fasts longer than a day or two may certainly change sleep patterns. You may simply need less sleep – completely independently from the energy you have (or don’t have) during the day. In any case, this issue comes up a lot in the daily coaching session with my clients!

      If you started your fast on Sunday, you’re certainly burning primarily ketones at this point 🙂

      1. Tallis, if I’m taking antidepressants, do i need to stop while fasting for a true fast? Can i keep taking them

        1. Hi Rae,
          Thanks for your question. Well, it all boils down to what you mean by ‘true fast’…

          On a physical level your meds don’t contain calories, so if the goals of your fast are purely physical, then it may be fine to keep taking them while you fast. However, it’s worth consulting with your prescribing clinician to see if you can take them on an empty stomach. Some medications also interfere with fasting metabolism, so it would also be important to discuss this with a fasting expert too.

          To me, though, a ‘true fast’ goes a little deeper. Ultimately, you can’t totally disconnect from one another the physical, emotional and spiritual aspects of not eating. Fasting IS going to affect you emotionally, as it does everyone, and a part of fasting involves your emotional relationship with yourself when you take away food. Of course, the fact that you’re on antidepressants means that you already have issues to deal with on an emotional level – and this may also mean that it’s not a good idea to fast at all. Continuing to take the antidepressants will certainly affect your experience emotionally of the fast, and in this sense the meds do interfere with the fast.

          Don’t get me wrong. I’M NOT telling you to stop taking the antidepressants during your fast. Rather, I’m saying that it all depends on 1. your goals of the fast, 2. the severity of your depression, 3. the length of the fast you’re planning, and 4. how the fast makes you feel emotionally (which could be either positive or negative). The one thing I can tell you is that, in order to ensure the best outcome, you should definitely not be fasting alone or unsupervised.

          Hope this helps,
          Tallis

  9. Hi faith, im glad to see that we are together in this. How were your first 3 days? I also dont tell any of my friends or co workers that im fasting .. so im always using the excuse of ‘i dont want to eat it because im not feeling too well’ or ‘no thanks i already had so much food’ .. its hard telling people about a fast as they would always try pushing you food .. but feeling sad about what happened wont help you .. it already happened .. so just stick to it and push trough! 🙂 let me know how everything goes

  10. Hi tallis 🙂
    Thank you for your answer!
    I have heard that some scars desapear on a prolonged fast. What about stretch marks?

    My last meal was at 11pm on sunday night. And now is 8:30pm on wednesday here in australia.
    Those are my blood ketones readings:
    7 pm monday 0.6 mmol/l
    5pm tue 1.3 mmol/l
    9am wed 2.3 mmol/l
    Am i officially burning fat?

    Im still getting the weaves of exhaustion. They arent as strong as before though. I hope it wont last long.
    I cant wait for the part where we arent so lethargic

    1. Dear Isabela

      I also had my last meal Sunday evening at 10:00 and it is now 12 past 1 the afternoon in South Africa. I am trying to do a 7 day fast, but this morning a friend offered me a very small peach (the size of a very small plum) and I did not want to tell her I am fasting and just declined but she insisted so I ate the peach but hated every second of it – because I was already in day 3 and could never get it right so far. Pls tell me you guys that this small piece of fruit will not hinder ketosis?? But I just wanted to say you go girl and I am with you in this and I am also trying my utmost best.

      1. So nice of you to support each other like this :-).
        Don’t worry about the peach. It’s definitely not the best, but it’s not the end of the world either. There aren’t enough calories to significantly alter your ketosis (which in the case of a medium-sized peach is about 50 calories). The worst that can happen is that it reawakens your digestive juices to some degree and thus causes hunger.

  11. I felt fine on day one and two of my water fast. But on third day im dealing with real cravings and lethargy. To the point that im nearly giving up. I thought the first and second day supposed to be the hardest ones. Why am I struggling so much on the 3rd one? Is it gonna subside? I dont think i could cope with another day like this

    1. Hi Matt,
      The third day IS often the hardest day for some people.
      The lethargy may be due to ketosis not having completely developed yet, but that fact that you say you have cravings also suggests that your ego is resisting the fast (which of course is completely natural and something to be expected in your first few fasts). That emotional resistance can certainly sap you of physical energy too.
      Both will subside. It’s mostly a question of whether you have the patience for yourself.

      I’m guessing that you’re fasting on your own, alone. I would expect that in a more supportive environment, your symptoms would be much less bothersome, if noticeable in the first place. Emotional support does tend to lead to minimising physical symptoms while fasting.
      All the best,
      Tallis

  12. I know this might be a weird question, but im getting laser tattoo removal. Im wondering if a fast will help it fade away quicker. Im obviously doing a fast for other health reasons as well.

    1. Fasting may accelerate healing of skin issues, and I’ve had some clients report that even scars disappear on longer fasts. Unfortunately, I doubt it would make too much difference here, and especially when your body has other issues to deal with. Still, it won’t hurt either 🙂

Leave a Reply

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.